Upaya Peningkatan Keefektifan Dan Efisiensi Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Pada Siswa

BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

A. Latar Belakang Masalah
Berdasarkan Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan, salah satu tujuan pembelaaran Bahasa Inggris di Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) adalah mengembangkan kemampuan berkomunikasi dalam bahasa Inggris dalam bentuk lisan maupun tertulis. Kemampuan berkomunikasi ini meliputi mendengarkan (listening), berbicara (speaking), membaca (reading), dan menulis (writing). Keempat kompetensi ini diharapkan mampu mempersiapkan dan membekali siswa SMA untuk melanjutkan ke enjang pendidikan yang lebih tinggi atau untuk memasuki dunia kerja terutama di sektor yangmembutuhkan keterampilan berbahasa Inggris.
Untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris seperti yang tercantum dalam kurikulum, semua komponen yang terlibat dalam proses belaar mengajar di sekolah harus turut memberikan dukungan. Dengan memperhatikan bahwa setiap kelas mempunyai karakteristik yang berbeda-beda, komponen-komponen yang terkait tersebut harus berupaya meningkatkan keefektifan dan efisiensi proses belajar mengajar di kelas sesuai dengan karakteristik masing-masing kelas.
Secara umum, tidak semua sekolah dapat dengan mudah mencapai tujuan pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris sesuai dengan yang tercantum dalam kurikulum. Masing-masing sekolah menemui kendala yang berbeda-beda dalam mencapai tujuan tersebut. Dengan memperhatikan kesulitan-kesulitan yang dihadapi dan solusi yang diperlukan untuk mengatasinya, maka peneliti berpikir bahwa perlu ada upaya untuk meningkatkan keefektifan dan efisiensi dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris di setiap sekolah. berdasarkan kenyataan tersebut, maka upaya-upaya ini pun bisa diterapkan di SMA Negeri 1 Sewon, Bantul.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keefektifan dan efisiensi dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris di kelas XI SMA Negeri 1 Sewon, Bantul dengan menggunakan langkah-langkah penelitian tindakan (action research). Untuk langkah pertama, peneliti akan terlebih dahulu mengidentifikasi masalah-masalah yang mengganggu proses pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris di sekolah ini.

B. Identifikasi Masalah
Ada beberapa faktor yang turut berperan dalam upaya peningkatan keefektifan pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris di kelas XI SMA Negeri 1 Sewon, Bantul. Faktor-faktor tersebut adalah: guru, siswa, materi yang diajarkan, teknik penyampaian materi, waktu, dan fasilitas yang tersedia. Sedangkan efisiensi berhubungan dengan semua faktor yang ada selama proses belajar mengajar. Selain berhubungan dengan faktor-faktor yang terlibat dalam proses belajar mengajar, pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris juga berhubungan dengan empat macam keterampilan bahasa yaitu listening, speaking, reading, dan writing.
Untuk meningkatkan keefektifan dan efisiensi pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris, faktor-faktor di atas (guru, siswa, materi yang diajarka, teknik penyampaian materi, waktu, dan fasilitas yang tersedia) berhubungan dengan keempat keterampilan bahasa tersebut. Dari sudut pandang guru, keefektifan proses belajar mengajar dipengaruhi oleh penguasaan guru tentang grammar, kosakata, dan konteks wacana. Selain itu juga berhubungan dengan materi yang akan diajarkan. Pembelajaran yang efektif juga dipengaruhi oleh teknik mengajar guru. Biasanya, siswa akan merasa bosan jika harus mengerjakan kegiatan yang sama terus-menerus. Perasaan seperti ini akan menguarangi konsentrasi siswa sehingga mereka tidak akan menangkap materi dengan baik.
Effective reading tampaknya akan berpengaruh pada effective writing. Sebagai keterampilan reseptif, reading memberikan stimulus pada writing (keterampilan produktif). Keefektifan pembelajaran reading dan writing dari sudut pandang guru kemungkinan akan memberikan hasil yang optimal jika guru menggunakan potensinya secara efisien. Efisiensi pembelajaran reading juga dipengaruhi oleh penggunaan fasilitas yang tersedia. Penggunaan fasilitas yang tersedia secara optimal akan membantu siswa dalam memahami materi yang diajarkan dan memberikan pengetahuan serta gagasan untuk dikembangkan dalam writing. Biasanya siswa akan menemukan gagasan ketika mereka menghubungkan pembelajaran bahasa dengan kondisi di sekelilingnya.
Keterampilan bahasa yang lain yaitu listening dan speaking. Dari sudut pandang guru, effectif listening berkaitan dengan penguasaan guru terhadap grammar, kosakata, dan pronunciation. Mereka yang menguasai ketiga faktor tersebut akan dapat memahami pembicaraan orang lain dengan mudah. Guru adalah sumber pengetahuan di kelas, oleh karena itu kompetensi yang dimilikinya uga akan berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan proses belajar mengajar.
Pembelajaran listening yang efektif akan berpengaruh positif terhadap speaking karena keberhasilan dalam listening membuat pembelajarn speaking lebih mudah. Keefektifan ini juga tergantung pada informasi yang disampaikan guru terhadap siswa. Praktik berbahasa Inggris di dalam kelas akan membentu siswa mengekspresikan gagasannya dalam bahasa Inggris. Pembelajaran listening dan speaking akan lebih efisien jika guru memberikan masalah-masalah untuk didiskusikan. Dalam diskusi ini, beberapa siswa mempraktikkan listening dan yang lainnya mempraktikkan speaking. Jadi, pembelajaran listening dan speaking ini bisa dilakukan secara terpadu.
Keefektifan dan efisiensi dalam proses belajar mengajar Bahasa Inggris tidak hanya dilihat dari sudut pandang guru saja, karena proses belajar mengajar juga berhubungan dengan faktor-faktor yang lain. Jika dilihat dari sudut pandang siswa, pembelajaran reading tergantung pada kebutuhan siswa untuk membaca. Kebutuhan itu bisa saja dilakukan untuk melakukan kegiatan tertentu, seperti menjawab pertanyaan dulu kemudian baru membeca materi. Jadi, mereka bisa menemukan apa yang mereka butuhkan dengan mudah.
Jika dilihat dari sudut pandang siswa, keefektifan dalam pembelajaran listening bergantung pada konsentrasi mereka selama proses belajar mengajar, penguasaan kosakata, dan pronunciation. Seperti pada reading, agar pembelajaran listening lebih efektif maka siswa harus terlebih dahulu mengetahui kebutuhannya, sehingga mereka tahu apa yang harus mereka dengarkan.
Keefektifan dalam pembelajaran speaking berhubungan dengan keaktifan siswa dalam proses belajar mengajar. Siswa yang aktif akan memperoleh lebih banyak kesempatan untuk mengungkapkan gagasannya sehingga akan lebih lancar berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris. Selain dipengaruhi oleh peran siswa di dalam kelas, proses belajar mengajar juga dipengaruhi oleh penggunaan fasilitas yang tersedia. Penggunaan fasilitas pembelajaran secara optimal akan sangat membantu proses belajar mengajar Bahasa Inggris.
Jika dilihat dari sudut pandang materi yang diajarkan, keefektifan pembelajaran reading berhubungan dengan tingkat kesulitan materi. Materi yang berkaitan dengan kegiatan sehari-hari akan lebih efektif karena sudah akrab dengan siswa, sehingga mereka akan lebih mudah memahami materi tersebut.
Dalam pembelajaran writing, keefektifan berhubungan dengan fase-fase dalam menggunakan materi yang diperoleh. Misalnya, proses belajar mengajar dimulai dari pembelajaran kata dalam kalimat, menyusun kalimat menjadi paragraf yang baik, dan menyusun paragraf menjadi teks. Pemberian materi secara tepat akan memberikan hasil yang optimal. Selain itu, faktor lain yang turut berpengaruh adalah penggunaan waktu dan tenaga secara efisien. Efisiensi dalam penggunaan waktu dan tenaga akan membantu siswa dalam menghasilkan pekerjaan yang lebih baik dalam writing.
Berhubungan dengan materi yang diajarkan, keefektifan pembelajaran listening dipengaruhi oleh keautentikan materi tersebut. Siswa akan lebih mudah memahami materi yang berhubungan dengan masalah-masalah yang sering mereka dengar, misalnya berita dari televisi atau radio, prakiraan cuaca, instruksi, pengumuman, lagu, dan sebagainya. Selain dipengaruhi oleh pembicara yang mereka dengarkan, apakah pembicara itu penutur asli atau bukan, efisiensi dapat dicapai melalui penggunaan fasilitas seperti laboratorium bahasa dan tape recorder.
Keautentikan materi juga berpengaruh pada keefeektifan pembelajaran speaking. Siswa akan lebih mudah mengekspresikan masalah-masalah yangsering mereka hadapi dalam kehidupannya. Dalam mengungkapkan masalah-masalah itu, siswa akan melibatkan pikiran dan perasannya sehingga komunikasi yang dilakukan akan tampak natural. Efisiensi dalam speaking berhubungan dengan level siswa. Siswa dibagi dalam tiga level, yaitu beginner (pemula), intermediate, dan advanced. Bagi pemula, akan lebih efektif dan efisien jika diberikan materi yang sederhana dulu kemudian baru materi yang lebih kompleks.
Berhubungan dengan teknik yang dipakai dalam proses belajar mengajar, pembelajaran reading berhubungan dengan mikro skills: scanning, skimming, explicit dan implicit reading, menarik kesimpulan dari konteks, dan membaca untuk hiburan. Keefektifan berhubungan dengan mikro skills yang terlibat. Penggunaan teknik yang bervariasi dalam pembelajaran akan mengurangi kebosanan siswa. Selain itu, efisiensi juga berhubungan dengan karakteristik kelas. Misalnya untuk kelas yang pasif, explicit reading dan membaca untuk hiburan akan lebih sesuai.
Pembelajaran listening dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai teknik, misalnya mendengarkan tape recorder, menjawab pertanyaan berdasarkan teks, menulis ulang lagu, mendengarkan radio dan televisi, dan sebagainya. Keefektifan berhubungan dengan pemilihan teknik yang tepat untuk kelas tertentu. Sedangkan efisiensi berhubungan dengan penggunaan fasilitas yang tersedia.
Keefektifan dalam pembelajaran speaking berkaitan dengan kegiatan siswa selama proses belajar mengajar, apakah mereka aktif atau tidak. Salah satu upaya untuk mendorong siswa menjadi aktif adalah dengan menggunakan information gap. Caranya dengan membagi kelas menjadi dua kelompok. Kelompok A mendapatkan informasi yang tidak diketahui oleh kelompok B, dan sebaliknya. Dengan cara ini akan terjadi komunikasi antara kelompok A dan B secara alami. Untuk memperoleh hasil yang optimal, proses ini harus efisien. Dalam hal ini efisiensi berhubungan dengan topik, apakah topik itu menarik atau tidak.
Berhubungan dengan waktu dan tempat yang tepat untuk proses belajar mengajar, tidak ada perbedaan antara reading, listening, speaking, dan writing. Keefektifan dan efisiensi tergantung pada tingkat kesulitan materi. Misalnya, reading dan writing membutuhkan banyak konsentrasi, oleh karena itu akan lebih efektif jika dilakukan pada pagi hari. Sedangkan untuk pembelajaran listening dan speaking dapat dilakukan pada siang hari.
Keefektifan dan efisiensi berhubungan dengan tempat yang sesuai untuk proses belajar mengajar listening, speaking, reading, dan writing berkaitan dengan ketersediaan media di dalam kelas. Misalnya, pembelajaran reading, speaking, dan writing dapat dilakukan di dalam kelas. Tetapi, pembelajaran listening akan lebih efektif dan efisien jika dilakukan di laboratorium bahasa, karena disana tersedia peralatan yang diperlukan untuk pembelajaran seperti tape recorder, kaset, dan sebagainya.
Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam upaya untuk meningkatkan keefektifan dan efisiensi dalam proses belajar mengajar Bahasa Inggris pada File Selengkapnya.....

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The Use Of Brochures And Pamphlets In Teaching Speaking A Case Study At Second Year Student’s Of...

ABSTRACT

This investigation is aimed at finding out the effectiveness of brochures and pamphlets in teaching speaking .50 students of the second semester of Aliyah Selaparang Kediri in academic year 2003/2004 are treated as subjects of this investigation with two different treatments.the research reveals that the mean deviation of experimental group is Higher than the mean deviation of control group.Another, the result of t-test value is significant enough for both confidence levels and infered that media brochures and pamphlets is effective enough and provide possitive contributions towards the students oral production. File Selengkapnya.....

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The Influence The Of Main Characters’ Conflicts Toward Plot In Oscar Wilde’s

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Human beings as one of the three alive-creatures besides animal and plant have a particular ability, which makes him so special, that dominates the others. They are able to adapt, to survive and to analyze the universe phenomenon, which make their quality of life better and better since the past. They have the whole ability because God has granted them brain. Their curiosities are so great that they learn more and more. Besides, something that makes them more special than the others is they know the way to express their feeling, thought, and emotion. Something to provide “a place” for all of the people’s expression is literature.
Literature, according to Moleong as quoted by Spadlex (2000:13), is the knowledge which is earned by human beings arise conduct and it is used to reflect and express experience. Another opinion said that literature is one of the great creative and universal means of communicating the emotional, spiritual, or intellectual concerns of mankind (The Encyclopedia of Americana, vol. 22:559). It seems that something human being does deals literature, especially in communicating. To communicate to each other may be done by a means, such as by a letter, speaking directly, by phone etc. Even something they wrote or said, no matter what its content, could be called a literature. Well, in this life, in purpose or not in purpose, they have involved in a literature.
By using their mind they produced an expression of their feeling, emotion and thought to communicate with others. And this result of literature is called a literary work. Literary work consists of two types, namely imaginative and non-imaginative. Both literary works are basically the same, that is both are expressed aesthetically, but they have a different in expression. Imaginative type is commonly using connotative sentence to express an idea, while non-imaginative type is more realistic than the imaginative one. It uses denotative sentence.
Non-imaginative type consists of essay, criticism, biography, autobiography, history, memoir, diary, and letters. And imaginative type consists of poetry, fiction, and drama. In this paper, the writer takes a drama as an object that will be further analyzed. Drama may be defined as a work of literature or a composition which delineates life and human activity by means of presenting various actions of – and dialogues between – a group of characters (Reaske, 1966:5).
Drama was firstly introduced by a Greek philosopher Aristotle. He also identified six elements of drama that enhance not only the story telling, but also the instructive and aesthetic values of a play. The first four of the elements is plot, character, thought, and diction (relate to drama / written script). And the last two elements are music and spectacle (relate to theatre / the play in performance). (http://www.appendix%20C%20elements.html, accessed on December 21st 2004).
To analyze a drama in a study or paper there must be minimally two elements that support each other, such as plot and character. Plot and character are two significant elements and very needed in a story. Plot is the arrangement of the incidents or events in a story, which are interconnected each other, that makes a story more interesting and easy to be comprehended. Meanwhile, character is the player in the story; it may be humans, animals, or other imagination creatures created by the author. The story contains problems appearing within the actions that make the character struggle to overcome the problems. Therefore, the writer takes a topic “The Influence of the Main Character’s Conflicts towards Plot in Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest”. The writer utilizes the characteristic of the main character and is supported by the plot to find out the influence the character’s conflicts towards the plot in the play.

1.2 Objective of the Study
After reading the story of the drama, the writer concludes that there are many conflicts found which dealing with the main character. And of course the conflicts may influence the main character. Therefore, the writer can illustrate the objective of the study into four objectives. First, to find out the Earnest Worthing’s and Algernon’s characteristics and their characterization in Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest. Second, after analyzing the main characteristics, the writer tries to find out the conflicts dealing with them, either internal or external conflicts. Then third, the writer will try to elaborate the plots one by one. And finally, the writer will try to find out how far the influence of the main character’s conflicts toward the plots in The Importance of Being Earnest.
1.3 Scope of the Study
As there are many aspects in the Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest, the writer makes a limitation of discussion to assure the theme of this thesis’ analysis, namely the main characters, Earnest Worthing and Algernon, and the characterization of the main characters by Oscar Wilde; the internal and external conflicts which deal with the main characters; the plots; and the influence of the main character’s conflicts toward the plots.

1.4 Method
Methods are needed to analyze the drama. In this paper the writer applies library research as the method of the study and applies psychological approach to analyze the main characters’ characteristics in order to find out the conflicts and then relate them to plots, hence the influence of the main characters’ conflicts toward the plots will be revealed.
1.4.1 Method of the Study
The library research was applied to support the analysis of the drama, collecting some data and information needed from the relevant books or other resources. Then reading and comprehending the data, making some notes until making conclusion. According to Atar Semi, library research is a method of doing a research in a working room or library, where the needed data and information about the subject matter are required through books or other audiovisual means. Library research is done to collect the data by finding some books related to the research as references (1993:8).
1.4.2 Method of Approach
Semiotic approach is employed in analyzing the drama. As Nurgiyantoro said that semiotic is a science or analysis method to examine signs. The signs could be a body language, mouth, eyes movement, color, and other things around our life (2000: 40). In this paper the writer utilizes psychological approach to analyze the main characters in the Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest. It seems those approaches very close to analyze the aspects, especially the main character’s conflict and the plot, found in the main characters’ characteristic and the setting which influences the main characters. The analysis of the main characters is made by unfolding the character through actions and dialogue.
Literary works manifest social life and have a close relation with social community, as commonly literary works discuss the human life. Based on that statement the writer uses psychological approach to analyze the main characters. Psychological approach is an approach that is applied since literary works are frequently study events or phenomenon about human’s life (Atarsemi, 76:1993). Psychic conflicts are caused by psychological problems. It is natural, as humans’ character that desire something more and more which actually their ability and capability are limited. Therefore, humans’ life is just like a drama, which containing plots of life that may be due to humans’ characteristics and their interaction to surroundings in their social life or interaction to them selves, their mind or heart, in this case is internal conflicts. The psychological approach here includes the main characters’ characteristics and is used to analyze the main characters’ conflicts. The psychological approach is appropriate, because it can be used to explain the plot aspect and the characteristic of the main characters.File Selengkapnya.....

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The Influence Of The Ability In Mastering Dialogue On The Achievement In Learning English To The...

CHAPTER I
I N T R O D U C T I O N

A. THE LIMITATION OF THE TITLE
In avoiding the readers' misunderstanding, the writer would like to give the limitation of the title It is of course that in giving the limitation of the title is not at wholly. From the thesis entitled " The Influence of the Ability in Mastering Dialogue on the Achievement in Learning English to the Second Year Students at M A N Magelang ", the writer just wants to explain some terms related to the title. Especially those are becoming key words. They are : Influence, Ability, Mastering Dialogue, Achievement, Learning Eng lish, and MAN Magelang.
Influence : It is a noncountable noun. It means power to affect sb’s character, beliefs, or actions through example, fear, admiration, etc. According to Professor Sir Randolph Quirk in his dictionary entitled 'Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English' N.Edn., the word Influence means the power to have an effect on someone or something without the-use of direct force or command . In this thesis the influence shows the relation between the ability in mastering dialogue and the achievement in learning English.


The Ability in Mastering Dialogue :
Ability (noun) means power to perform ; skill ,to achieve; capability for carrying out; capacity to device retain, or make use of; phisical or moral strength; talents or gifts; in a special or general degree; wealth, means And also according to Professor Sir Randolph Quirk, the word 'ability' (C/U noun ) means the fact of having the skill, power or other qualities that are needed to do something . Mastering is a gerund form of master or to master ( to inf. ) Master ( v ) means to learn thoroughly or gain a lot of skill in . Dialogue ( noun ) means ( a ) written conversation inna book or play . According to A S Hornby, dialogue means ( writing in the form of a ) conversation or talk.
In this thesis ‘the ability in mastering dialogue means, in the writer's opinian, the students' ability in mastering the English dialogues either in their text-books or in other books or even on their tests in the written form. The word students, as we have already mentioned above, refers to the second year students at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri ( MAN ) Magelang.
Achievement : The word 'achievement' is a noun (C/U) Achievement ( U ) means the successful finishing or gaining of something. Whereas the word achievement as non countable noun means something success fully finished or gained, especially through skill or hard work.
Learning English : in the writer's opinion, how is the students' score condition in learn¬ing English, especially on the final test of the fourth semester. It is a compound word coming from 'Learning' and 'English'. Learning is the gerund form of to learn (to inf.) having meaning to acquire knowledge of; fixed in the mind (vt), to gain or receive knowledge or skill (Vi.).
As a matter of fact, the word English has so many meanings. In this thesis, English means : 1) The language of Britain, the U S, Australia, etc. , 2) English language and literature as a subject of study. In the writer's opinion the word English means the language of Britain, the US, Australia which is learnt by Indonesian learners as a subject of study. Learn ing English means the process in learn, ing English of the second year students at M A N Magelang.
Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) Magelang :
There are two Islamic Senior High Schools lay in Kotamadia Magelang. , They are MAN whic is located on Jl. Perum Korpri Ngembik Kotamadia Magelang first, and MAN which is lied on Jl. Sunan Bonang 17, P 0 BOX 42 Phone 2928 Kodia Magelang. In getting the data of this thesis, the writer had researched MAN which is lied on Jl. Sunan Bonang the 17th Kodia Magelang, or it is usually called M A N ex :P G A N Magelang.

After giving explanation of each term, the meaning of the title ' The Influence of the Ability in Mastering Dialogue on the Achievement in Learning English to the Second Year Students at M A N Magelang is an investigation to show the relationship between the ability in mastering dialogue, in the written form, and the result of the final score of English subject. In this case the writer investigated to the second year students of A.1, A.3, and A.4 Programs.

B. THE BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEMS
Before discussing the problems involved in this thesis, the writer would like to give points becoming the background of the problems. It is done in order to make the readers will be easier in understanding this thesis.
English is one of the International languages, and spoken by many people in the world. English is also the most famoust and important language in the world, since there are many scientific books printed in English, and English is also used in formal or non formal communication in the world.
In many branches of knowledge, the English books are their main sources, such as Mathematics, Biology, Sociology, Law, Chemists, Medical, Engineering, and many others. Lately, English is also spoken in formal or in non formal meetings in the world, and in Indone¬sia as well. There are many teaching learning processes are conducted in English, especially in the English department of Universities, English course institutions, discussions, seminars, and so on.
In Indonesian schools condition, English is taught from junior high school level until university level. There also occur many English courses in every town. In this case, later ones, serve English courses for children or they are usually called English for Children Class. On the other word, there are many companies or factories or even state departments that need one who master English well. They do not demand ones mastering English passively only, that is ones who master English in receiptive skill, but also ones mastering English actively, that is ones who can use English as their means of communication or ones who can speak and write in English. It means that the English is the first and main entrance requirement in applying for the worker.
Based on the brief description of the English posi¬tion, we know that English is one of important languages in the world. It is one of demanding subjects in every high school in Indonesia. Thus, English, for the English department students, is not a new subject, since English has been given when they were studying English in their junior high schools level. Viewed from the time they had used, they should master English well.
We have already known that there are four aspects influencing the ability in mastering a language, English as well. They are : reading, listening, writing, and speaking. Therefore, in this thesis, the writer would like to discuss about two aspects of language they are; speaking and listening, or it's usually named 'dialogue’ Because, of the reasons of the curriculum, the writer could not do the investigation of students ability in mastering dialogue as it be. It means that in investigating the students ability in mastering dialogue was not orally, but he investigated the dialogue in the written form.. It was also because the very limited time being available to do the research.
Furthermore, agree with the “ Kurikulum 1984 Madra¬sah Aliyah “
Agree with the Kurikulum Madrasah Aliyah 1984, in its introduction is said that “Berbahasa adalah menggunakan bahasa untuk berkomunikasi” . It means that after learning English, the students are hoped to be able to use the language as their means of communication.
Furthermore, based on the objective or purpose and the function of the teaching of English is said :
Kurikulum bahasa Inggris ini bertujuan untuk mengembalikan pengajaran bahasa kepada ketermaknaan dan fungsi komunikasi tersebut. Ini diupayakan dengan penjabaran kurikulum yang secara jelas bertujuan kemampuan berkomunikasi. Kurikulum ini menuntut bahwa dalam penyajian bahan pengajaran, bentuk-bentuk bahasa. selalu dikaitkan dengan makna bentuk ba¬hasa itu dan dengan pesan yang dimaksud untuk disampaikan. Proses penyampaian pesan ini diterangkan dalam kaitannya dengan tugas dan fungsi komunikasi sesuai dengan konteks dan situasi berbahasa.

After searching the purpose and the function of teaching of English based on Kurikulum 1984 Madrasah Aliyah, we can find that the language as a means of communication has an important role. It means that the teaching of dialogues to the second year students is to support the achievement of the curriculum.
The dialogue, as we have already mentioned above, means a conversation or a talk in the written form . It means that in this thesis, the writer did not investigate how is the students ability in mastering English dialogue orally. It was because of many reasons. Therefore in this thesis, wants to know how is the influence of the ability in mastering dialogue on the achievement in learning English to the second year students at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Magelang.

C. THE FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM
Related to this study discussing about the Influence of the Ability in Mastering Dialogue on the Achievement in Learning English to the Second Year Students at M A N Magelang, the writer would like to present the formulations of the problem first, namely : File Selengkapnya.....

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Teaching Reading Comprehension Using Communicative Approach Through Songs And Games To The Eigth

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

In this chapter the writer will explain about the background of study, the scope and limitation of study, the statement of problem, the purpose of study, the significant of study.

1.1. The Background of study.
Everybody ever read, hear, see, and tell something occur around us in daily life. As the human beings who live normally, we do our activities everyday. We never just quiet without do anything because we live in this world which full by things that we can do, see, hear, feel, and touch. The examples are reading newspaper, watching television, seeing a movie, and listening to the radio. Connoly (1951: 1) states that we read because of hunger of information or amusement or solace, owning appetite for truth seems to grow by what it feed on men read to discover them selves and their world, to asses their special rules in the universe, to learn the meaning of the personal struggles in which they are engaged in other worlds, we want to share experience.
To study reading is very important as the student of English department, because there are many advantages from study reading. By reading, we will be able to increase our knowledge on culture. If we read every rule in written English from our country, we will know what our country is like. For instance read novel from another country, we will get more knowledge about the other country with Its culture. In English Department, we study English do not only master of grammar or vocabulary but also master the culture of the target language. If we do not know about the culture, we will get difficulties to understand to communicate with a native speaker. Although, we may learn about English words through the dictionary, we still need to learn the English culture, so the communication can be understood and avoid misunderstanding.
In this modern developing age, people are demanded to facilitate the development of their knowledge in any sectors in order to be able to answer any supplicated problems related to the progress of any modern development, especially in Indonesia.
In Indonesia as developing country puts the education problem as essential and dominant points, for examples by building ns schools, adding facilities, such as new scientific books served in libraries, laboratory equipments, etc.
In line with the development of education, our government also tries hard to improve their skills by having in – service training held by the government. Here, teachers are acknowledged with communicative approach.
Communicative approach in teaching learning process is encouraged not only structure but also in reading comprehension.
To get a good achievement for English subject, students need perseverance and patience in learning it since most students regard this subject difficult, especially in Reading Comprehension with communicative approach. In this case students are demanded to have a hobby in reading and practicing communicative. That is why the teachers’ help is absolutely needed to increase their achievement.
Based on the above statements, the writer held a research to know how far the ability of the eight year students of SMP Brawijaya kepung – Kediri after being taught with reading comprehension by using communicative approach through songs and game. The writer therefore chooses the little dealing with the method used in the subject above is Teaching Reading songs and games to the eight year students of SMP Brawijaya Kecamatan Kepung –Kabupaten Kediri.

1.2 The Scope and limitation of the Study
Since this thesis study on the great works of the eight year students of SMP Brawijaya Kepung-Kediri, the writer analyzes will mainly based on her personal view on the theories in some books, in other words, it is also done through a library research.
The writer limits his research just teaching reading comprehension using communicative approach through songs and games to the eight year students of SMP Brawijaya Kepung-Kediri. In this thesis, the writer does not tell about theory of reading comprehension deeply but it is just a simple analysis.
To explain the scope of this problem. The problem limitation should be stated. The use of problem of limitation to avoid misunderstanding of this problem and as and important basis the further explanation of the problem. in this research it will be found whether a teacher can make his students’ achievement increase and their activity better in teaching learning process in the class. Because the students’ ability is different, so it can be argued whether all the eight year students ’ achievement of SMP Brawijaya get improved after being taught with Reading Comprehension through communicative approach or not.

1.3 The Statement of Problem
Based on the background of study and Problem limitation above the problem can be formulated as follows: File Selengkapnya.....

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Student’s Learning Achievement With Traditional Assessment And Portfolio Assessment

A B S T R A C T

Traditionally, assessment is held at the conclusion of a unit of study. Certain grade is used to decide the understanding degree of the students to the subject. Traditional assessment includes multiple-choice questions and asking students to respond the questions with short answers.
Portfolio assessment is a purposeful collection of student work that tells the story of the student’s effort, progress, or achievement in given areas. Portfolio can be viewed as a systematic and organized collection of evidence used by the teacher and student to monitor the growth of student’s knowledge, skills, and attitudes in a specific content area. The indicators of portfolio assessment are daily test result, structured tasks, anecdotal record, and report of the student’s activity out of school.
The purposes of this research are to describe the student’s learning achievement with traditional assessment and portfolio assessment, and then find out the difference between the student’s learning achievement with traditional assessment and portfolio assessment.
The design of this research is ex post facto. The population is the 1st class of students of SMP 4 Jambi. In selecting the sample is used clustered random sampling. The students of class 1A and 1B of SMP 4 Jambi are chosen as the sample. The data collection is done by observation and collecting the documentation. T-test is used to analysis the difference between the students’ learning achievement with traditional assessment and portfolio assessment
Based on the analysis, the researcher finds that mean of the class with traditional assessment is 60.00 and mean of the class with portfolio assessment is 70.31. By using t-test at the level of significance () 0.05, is got tratio is bigger than ttable, that is tratio = 2.833 > ttable = 1.992, it shows that there is a significant difference between the students’ learning achievement with traditional assessment and portfolio assessment.
It can be concluded that the student learning achievement with portfolio assessment is better than the student learning achievement with traditional assessment at the level of believe 95%. But portfolio assessment is better implemented in small class because teacher will be easier in managing the class. File Selengkapnya.....

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Kurangnya perbendaharaan kosa kata siswa dalam pembelajaran bahasa Inggris

BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

I.1 Latar Belakang
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 mengamanatkan pemerintah untuk mengusahakan dan menyelenggarakan satu sistem pendidikan nasional yang meningkatkan keimanan dan ketakwaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa serta akhlak mulia dalam rangka mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa yang selanjutnya diatur dengan undang-undang.
Menurut undang-undang nomor 20 tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, Pendidikan nasional berfungsi mengembangkan kemampuan dan membentuk watak serta peradaban bangsa yang bermartabat dalam rangka mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa, bertujuan untuk berkembangnya potensi peserta didik agar menjadi manusia yang beriman dan bertakwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, berakhlak mulia, sehat, berilmu, cakap, kreatif, mandiri, dan menjadi warga negara yang demokratis serta bertanggung jawab.
Sekolah Dasar (SD) merupakan salah satu jenjang pendidikan yang sangat penting dan mendasar dalam sistem pendidikan nasional. Menurut Peraturan Pemerintah nomor 23 tahun 2006 tentang Standar Kompetensi Lulusan, salah satu tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam pembelajaran di SD adalah mengembangkan logika, kemampuan berpikir dan analisis peserta didik. Tujuan ini dicapai melalui muatan dan kegiatan bahasa, matematika, ilmu pengetahuan alam, ilmu pengetahuan sosial, keterampilan/kejuruan, dan muatan lokal yang relevan.
Peserta didik di SD berada pada rentangan usia dini yang masih melihat segala sesuatu sebagai satu keutuhan (holistik) sehingga pembelajarannya masih bergantung kepada objek-objek konkrit dan pengalaman yang dialaminya. Oleh karena itu diperlukan model pembelajaran tematik yang merupakan pembelajaran terpadu yang menggunakan tema untuk mengaitkan beberapa mata pelajaran sehingga dapat memberikan pengalaman bermakna kepada peserta didik (Depdiknas, 2006).
Karakteristik dalam model pembelajaran tematik adalah berpusat pada siswa, memberikan pengalaman langsung, menyajikan konsep dari berbagai matapelajaran, bersifat fleksibel, hasil pembelajaran sesuai dengan minat dan kebutuhan siswa, menggunakan prinsip belajar sambil bermain dan menyenangkan.
Tuntutan kurikulum berbasis kompetensi untuk pengajaran bahasa Inggris diharapkan siswa sekolah dasar sudah mempunyai kosa kata yang mendasar. Sebagai standar kompetensi yang harus dikuasai murid dalam pengajaran bahasa Inggris maka penguasaan perbendaharaan kosa kata menjadi sangat penting (Depdiknas, 2006).
Untuk mengajarkan kosa kata bahasa Inggris, biasanya guru mengalami kesulitan karena kata yang diajarkan berbeda antara tulisan dan cara membacanya bila belum terbiasa dengan ejaan bahasa Inggris.
Penggunaan lagu-lagu bahasa Inggris dalam pengajaran kosa kata di anggap sebagai suatu pemecahan masalah kosa kata. Hal ini karena dengan mendengarkan cara pengucapan kata langsung dari lagu maka murid akan terbiasa dengan berbagai kosa kata bahasa Inggris yang ada.
Berdasarkan dari kenyataan di atas, maka penulis tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian tindakan kelas dengan permasalahan: kurangnya perbendaharaan kosa kata siswa dalam pembelajaran bahasa Inggris.

I.2 Rumusan Masalah
Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas, maka rumusan masalah dalam penelitian tindakan kelas ini adalah : Apakah penggunaan lagu-lagu dapat meningkatkan perbendaharaan kosa kata bahasa Inggris pada siswa kelas IV SDN Tanjung Selor kecamatan Daha Barat”

I.3 Tujuan Penelitian
Berdasarkan rumusan masalah di atas, maka tujuan penelitian tindakan yang dilakukan adalah : meningkatkan perbendaharaan kosa kata siswa dalam pembelajaran bahasa Inggris dengan menggunakan lagu-lagu pada siswa kelas IV SDN Tanjung Selor kecamatan Daha Barat.

I.4 Manfaat Penelitian
Penelitian tindakan kelas yang akan dilakukan ini diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat-manfaat, yaitu: File Selengkapnya.....

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Effects Of Pre Questioning On The Reading Comprehension Achievement Of The Second Grade Students

ABSTRACT

This study were conducted to investigate the effect of Pre-questioning on the Reading Comprehension Achievement of the Second Grade Students at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya Palangkaraya, to investigate the effects of students’ gender on the reading comprehension achievement of the second grade students at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya Palangkaraya, and to investigate the effects of pre-questioning and students gender on the reading comprehension achievement of the second grade students at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya Palangkaraya in academic year 2006/2007. The forms of questions were in multiple choice and essay, multiple choice used for reading comprehension tests and essay used for Pre-questioning tests. There were sixty-eight of second grade students of IPS classes at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya in academic year 2006/2007 as the sample on this study.
The writer used factorial experimental method in this study. The data were processed and analyzed according to these steps: taking the data, coding, scoring, tabulating using SPSS version 13 and taking the conclusion based on the statistic result.
The result of this study shows that “the Pre-questioning has a significant effect on the students’ reading comprehension achievement”, “the students’ gender has no a significant effect on the students’ reading comprehension achievement”, and “there is no interaction effect between pre-questioning and students’ gender”.
In this study the experimental class (the treatment using pre-questioning) has a better ability in comprehend the text than control class. It can be seen from the mean score and the result of two way of ANOVA. File Selengkapnya.....

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Effectivity Of Contextual Instruction With Cooperative Approach In Increasing The Students Conversation Ability Of Mts Di Pi At The First Class In ...

ABSTRACT

Key of word : Effectivity of Contextual Instruction With Cooperative Approach
The purpose of writing is to prove that learning English , especially in teaching speaking by using conversation considered more success in order to increasing the students speaking ability. In the school ,students are expected to use active English, either in spoken or written with certain number of word in vocation field, many students in the study enthusiastically are slavishly or thought material mechanical way. they where not helped with aids or certain teaching aids that can help them to understand the lesson, easily.
In relation to statement above . the writer will introduce teaching speaking with conversation.
Population in first years of MTs DI PI NH are 124 students for the sampling , the writer needs 40 students are experimental group that are treated by using games and the other are control groups the writer uses an interview technique by using pictures.
The marking scheme consist of accuracy pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency and comprehension.
The result of the investigation shown according to the figure in the mean score of standard deviation, and value T-test. proved that teaching speaking by using conversation in toward students speaking ability in more effective, rather than students which have not followed those method.
It was proved that games are not only for playing, but it was very effective in order to increase the students speaking ability. File Selengkapnya.....

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Analisis Makna Implisit Pada Novel Harry Potter And The Prisoner Of Azkaban Karya J. K. Rowling D

ABSTRACT

This thesis is entitled Analisis Makna Implisit pada Novel Harry Potter and the
Prisoner of Azkaban Karya J. K. Rowling dan Terjemahannya. The objects of the analyses
are sentences containing implicit meanings in the novel previously mentioned. The
sentences with implicit meanings are taken as data, and analyzed using descriptive and
comparative methods. The novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is written by J.
K. Rowling and translated into Indonesian by Listiana Srisanti entitled Harry Potter Dan
Tawanan Azkaban.
The purpose of this research is to study the translation of implicit meanings from
the source language into the target language. The results of this research show that (1) an
implicit meaning should be explicitly translated if the system of the target language
requires it, on the other hand (2) an implicit meaning can be explicitly translated if the
system of the target language allows it and the last is (3) an implicit meaning should be
explicitly translated if the meaning causes ambiguity or vagueness in the target language.
Page 7 of 117
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul Analisis Makna Implisit pada Novel Harry Potter and the
Prisoner of Azkaban Karya J. K. Rowling dan Terjemahannya. Objek penelitian ini adalah
kalimat-kalimat yang mengandung makna implisit pada novel tersebut. Kalimat yang
mengandung makna implisit diambil sebagai data dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan
metode deskriptif komparatif. Novel yang berjudul Harry Potter and the Prisoner of
Azkaban ini ditulis oleh J. K. Rowling dan dialihbahasakan oleh Listiana Srisanti ke bahasa
Indonesia dengan judul Harry Potter Dan Tawanan Azkaban.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari penerjemahan makna implisit
dari bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1)
makna implisit harus diterjemahkan secara eksplisit apabila sistem dalam bahasa sasaran
mengharuskannya, namun (2) makna implisit dapat juga diterjemahkan secara eksplisit
apabila sistem bahasa sasaran memungkinkannya, yang terakhir adalah (3) makna implisit
harus diterjemahkan eksplisit jika menyebabkan ketaksaan atau ketidakjelasan makna
dalam hasil terjemahannya. File Selengkapnya.....

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An Error Analysis On The Use Of Simple Present Tense Among The Ninth Year Students Of Smpn 3

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study
English as an international language has an important role to develop science and technologies many countries in the world use English as a medium of communication among people in different countries, and also of writing many kinds of books in which those are spread in different countries. In Indonesia there are many kinds of foreign books written in English, whether they are medical, Economical, Botanical, or other books, they claim Indonesian students to be able to learn and to use English in schools or in society in order that the books they read can be applied in various fields so that the development of science and technologies in Indonesia can be obtained.
For many years, English has been the most important foreign language in Indonesia, Which is taught from elementary school to university. However, in senior high school, English is taught as main subject in which the government has changed the curriculum into Curriculum Based on Competence 2004 to be KTSP in 2008. According to Departemen Pendidikan Nasional (2003: 36).
“The competence-basing language curriculum is a systematic draft and strategy which build the communicative competence or the competence of contextual. It means that it builds all the basis of competences themselves. They are like linguistics competences, social culture and strategies to make the benefit context.”

From the statement above, it is clear that Curriculum Based on competence 2004-2009 tries to develop and achieve the communicative competence or discourse competence and has perspective that is comprehensive to the discourse. The learners must be able to master the four skills, they are: listening, speaking, reading, and writing, also English components such as: grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, etc.
Among the four skills above, writing is the most difficult one. Because it requires demonstrating the control of a number of variables simultaneously; they are control of content, format, sentence structure, vocabulary, punctuation spelling, etc. Nunan (1989: 35) points out, “It has been argued that that learning to write fluently and expressively is the most difficult of the macro skills for all language users regardless of whether the language in question is first, second, or foreign language.” Another opinion comes from Heaton (1989: 138). He explain that the writing skills are complex and sometimes difficult to teach, requiring mastery not only of grammatical and rhetorical devices but also of conceptual and judgment elements. It means that ability to write needs a special skill and process in organizing language material by using learners’ own words and ideas and to be a good composition.
According to the results of the research done by the students of IKIP Budi Utomo Malang show that in learning English, most of the students find difficulties, especially in applying grammar in their speaking and writing. So, they will make mistakes and errors. It describes that learners’ ability in English is still poor and they need to be taught more effectively.
The learners often make mistakes and even errors in learning English, especially when they try to arrange sentences or use tenses in their writing. As a result, they will write sentences ungrammatically. Actually, ungrammatical sentences have great influence when the learners are writing sentences. That can be influenced by the first language which is different from the second language in written form. Therefore, the first language can interfere learners in the process of the second language. Abbort (1981: 216) wrote,
“For pedagogic purposes, teachers and others more likely to be concerned with the performances of whole groups and especially with the problems they have in commons. For these purposes, we need to ensure that the data comes from fairly homogeneous groups as regards mother tongue, age, previous teaching, and if possible, intelligence. Perhaps the most important of these factors is the mother tongue, particularly if phonological errors arte being studied

From the statement above, it can be seen that errors in learning a second language are caused by the interference of the learners’ mother tongue. In other words, errors made by the learners sometimes are caused by use of the first language.
Making Errors are a natural and unavoidable part of the process of learning English. Many kinds of errors arise when the learners write because they do not master the English structure well. Also, errors are the inability of the students in using rules of the components and elements of the second language. Brown (1987: 170) Said that ”second language learning is a process that is clearly not unlike first language learning in its trial and errors nature”. It means that the learners cannot avoid errors in learning second language. That statement is supported by Wiganti (2000: 11)
“Many linguist and researcher have found out that learners’ errors may account the process of learning a target language, in other words, making errors is considered to be natural to the learners. More extremely, they hypothesize that errors should not be viewed as problems to be overcome, but rather as normal and inevitable features indicating the strategies that learners use.”

So almost all learners must make errors when they are learning English because it is difficult to separate error in the process of learning English.
Students’ errors are very useful ways of showing what they have and have not learnt. Dubin F. and Olshtain E. (1986: 74) reported,: … , today errors are viewed as an integral part of the language-learning process from which we can gain very significant insight.” It tells that errors are important to study in order to understand the process of learning. A study of learners’ errors describes what problems the learners are having now and help the teacher to plan remedial work. In addition, the teacher should not see negatively as a sign of failure but see them positively as an indication of what the teacher still needs to teach. So, if the teacher tries to prevent students; errors, he/she never finds out what they do not know.
There are four standard competences in curriculum based on competences in Curriculum Based on Competence 2004-2009. One of them is writing. In writing students are hoped to be able to express many written meanings that have purposes in communicative, text structure etc. They can develop their writing in the forms of genre (kinds of text) such as: narrative, descriptive, recount, news items, etc as a means of communications.
One of genres is recount. Non-continuous tells something happening in the present time, like: brochure, label, biography, diary, report, personal letter, etc. As it tells some events, it usually uses sequence words such as: If, while, after, before, until, etc. Then, tense used in recount text is simple present tense, because it tells present events.
To make a good composition, the students must be able to master and apply the structure correctly, especially about tense used. In this case, the tense used is simple present tense. If they cannot do that, of course, errors will arise. Automatically their writing will cause misunderstanding for the readers, because the readers cannot receive the massage or expression of their idea well. Most of the students still find problems in using it, because of their limited mastery, especially the differences between regular and irregular verb. Therefore the writer wants to analyze the errors made by the students and tries to give solutions to overcome their problems. He chooses the title “An Error Analysis on the Use of Simple present Tense among the Ninth Year Students of SMPN 3 Pare.”

1.2. Statement of the problems
Based on the background of the study there are problems, which can be formulated after identifying the type errors, omitted among the ninth year students of SMPN 3 Pare
The problem can be stated as follows: File Selengkapnya.....

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An Error Analysis On The Use Of Simple Past Tense Among The Ninth Year Students Of Smpn 3 Pare

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study
English as an international language has an important role to develop science and technologies many countries in the world use English as a medium of communication among people in different countries, and also of writing many kinds of books in which those are spread in different countries. In Indonesia there are many kinds of foreign books written in English, whether they are medical, Economical, Botanical, or other books, they claim Indonesian students to be able to learn and to use English in schools or in society in order that the books they read can be applied in various fields so that the development of science and technologies in Indonesia can be obtained.
For many years, English has been the most important foreign language in Indonesia, Which is taught from elementary school to university. However, in senior high school, English is taught as main subject in which the government has changed the curriculum into Curriculum Based on Competence 2004. According to Departemen Pendidikan Nasional (2003: 36).
“The competence-basing language curriculum is a systematic draft and strategy which build the communicative competence or the competence of contextual. It means that it builds all the basis of competences themselves. They are like linguistics competences, social culture and strategies to make the benefit context.”

From the statement above, it is clear that Curriculum Based on competence 2004 tries to develop and achieve the communicative competence or discourse competence and has perspective that is comprehensive to the discourse. The learners must be able to master the four skills, they are: listening, speaking, reading, and writing, also English components such as: grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, etc.
Among the four skills above, writing is the most difficult one. Because it requires demonstrating the control of a number of variables simultaneously; they are control of content, format, sentence structure, vocabulary, punctuation spelling, etc. Nunan (1989: 35) points out, “It has been argued that that learning to write fluently and expressively is the most difficult of the macro skills for all language users regardless of whether the language in question is first, second, or foreign language.” Another opinion comes from Heaton (1989: 138). He explain that the writing skills are complex and sometimes difficult to teach, requiring mastery not only of grammatical and rhetorical devices but also of conceptual and judgment elements. It means that ability to write needs a special skill and process in organizing language material by using learners’ own words and ideas and to be a good composition.
According to the results of the research done by the students of IKIP Budi Utomo Malang show that in learning English, most of the students find difficulties, especially in applying grammar in their speaking and writing. So, they will make mistakes and errors. It describes that learners’ ability in English is still poor and they need to be taught more effectively.
The learners often make mistakes and even errors in learning English, especially when they try to arrange sentences or use tenses in their writing. As a result, they will write sentences ungrammatically. Actually, ungrammatical sentences have great influence when the learners are writing sentences. That can be influenced by the first language which is different from the second language in written form. Therefore, the first language can interfere learners in the process of the second language. Abbort (1981: 216) wrote,
“For pedagogic purposes, teachers and others more likely to be concerned with the performances of whole groups and especially with the problems they have in commons. For these purposes, we need to ensure that the data comes from fairly homogeneous groups as regards mother tongue, age, previous teaching, and if possible, intelligence. Perhaps the most important of these factors is the mother tongue, particularly if phonological errors arte being studied

From the statement above, it can be seen that errors in learning a second language are caused by the interference of the learners’ mother tongue. In other words, errors made by the learners sometimes are caused by use of the first language.
Making Errors are a natural and unavoidable part of the process of learning English. Many kinds of errors arise when the learners write because they do not master the English structure well. Also, errors are the inability of the students in using rules of the components and elements of the second language. Brown (1987: 170) Said that ”second language learning is a process that is clearly not unlike first language learning in its trial and errors nature”. It means that the learners cannot avoid errors in learning second language. That statement is supported by Wiganti (2000: 11)
“Many linguist and researcher have found out that learners’ errors may account the process of learning a target language, in other words, making errors is considered to be natural to the learners. More extremely, they hypothesize that errors should not be viewed as problems to be overcome, but rather as normal and inevitable features indicating the strategies that learners use.”

So almost all learners must make errors when they are learning English because it is difficult to separate error in the process of learning English.
Students’ errors are very useful ways of showing what they have and have not learnt. Dubin F. and Olshtain E. (1986: 74) reported,: … , today errors are viewed as an integral part of the language-learning process from which we can gain very significant insight.” It tells that errors are important to study in order to understand the process of learning. A study of learners’ errors describes what problems the learners are having now and help the teacher to plan remedial work. In addition, the teacher should not see negatively as a sign of failure but see them positively as an indication of what the teacher still needs to teach. So, if the teacher tries to prevent students; errors, he/she never finds out what they do not know.
There are four standard competences in curriculum based on competences in Curriculum Based on Competence 2004. One of them is writing. In writing students are hoped to be able to express many written meanings that have purposes in communicative, text structure etc. They can develop their writing in the forms of genre (kinds of text) such as: narrative, descriptive, recount, news items, etc as a means of communications.
One of genres is recount. Recount tells something happening in the past time, like: history, journey, autobiography, biography, diary, personal letter, etc. As it tells some events, it usually uses sequence words such as: When, while, after, before, until, etc. Then, tense used in recount text is simple past tense, because it tells past events.
To make a good composition, the students must be able to master and apply the structure correctly, especially about tense used. In this case, the tense used is simple past tense. If they cannot do that, of course, errors will arise. Automatically their writing will cause misunderstanding for the readers, because the readers cannot receive the massage or expression of their idea well. Most of the students still find problems in using it, because of their limited mastery, especially the differences between regular and irregular verb. Therefore the writer wants to analyze the errors made by the students and tries to give solutions to overcome their problems. He chooses the title “An Error Analysis on the Use of Simple Past Tense among the Ninth Year Students of SMPN 3 Pare.”

1.2. Statement of the problems
Based on the background of the study there are problems, which can be formulated after identifying the type errors, omitted among the ninth year students of SMPN 3 Pare
The problem can be stated as follows: File Selengkapnya.....

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An Analysis Of The Main Character’s Hatred Depicted In Sandra Brown’s Novel Where There’s Smoke

ABSTRACT

This is the result of An Analysis of the Main Characters’ Hatred Depicted in Sandra Brown’s Novel, “Where There’s Smoke”. This analysis shows that Jody hates Lara because she knows Lara is the woman who makes her son’s carrier, Clark, in political down. Jody also hates her son, Key, because Keyis the same as her husband who always makes love adventure to all women whom he like, so it is makes her hate Key so much.
Lara’s hatred to her husband occurred as her husband is the cause of their daughter’s death. Her husband is too ambitious to be a hero for his country, America. File Selengkapnya.....

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A Study On Teaching English Using Games To The Eleventh Year Students Of Smk Brawijaya Kepung...

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Problem
It is known that English is an International language which has been received by countries all over the world. The function of it as a means of communication in meeting business or other activities among government over the world. Beside that English is used at science of knowledge, new invention in field of modern technology, pharmaceutical, medical, etc.
As a developing country, Indonesia really needs English because Indonesia government is trying to improve all aspects which are usually faced by all countries. One of these aspects is education, which is essential. As an English teacher to be the writer focuses her attention to the teaching English as the language of the world.
In Indonesia, English is learnt and taught to junior high school, Senior high school even at university. English means that something important for the student to be taught at school based on situation and condition of the object area. But there are some problems that faced by the students. It is realized that most students get bad mark. So, it proves that English is really difficult for the students. There are four skills in learning English they are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Speaking is very important because speaking and human being cannot be separated from each other. Speaking is used to express their ideas and to communicate to people in civilized world. That is way speaking is important. But the students of SMK or graduated of it still get hard to be a good speaker. The problems are:
First, the students feel ashamed and afraid to speak English, so they never practice and use target language and use target language and they always use mother tongue in the classroom.
Second, for the teacher, they did not use variety of teaching such as visual aids. The teacher has to motivate the students to learn English in the class, and create the method of teaching. So the students will feel relaxed, and freely in using English in the classroom. The teacher must make afford to understand the material well. In learning English, The students are expected to reach four skills. Among those, speaking is the most difficult to master.
Teaching speaking can be done through dialogues, picture, games, etc. The teacher should choose a suitable ways such as: using games. If the teacher uses it, the students the students will have a lot of opportunity to practice pronunciation and communication or in other words it means that the students will get knowledge or input from games. Games which introduced to the students are Domino Instruction, What do I need? Sweet Reason, Dream sequences.

1.2. Problem of the Study
After analyzing what the writer discussed in the problems above, the following step is to make of the study problems. The writer tries to formulate what she wants, in order to achieve the target. Based on the problem above can be formulated as follow:
1. Is there any relationship between games activities and improving the speaking ability to the second year of the students SMK Brawijaya?
2. How is reaction of students after given the material using games?
3. What kind of games activities should be used?

1.3. Purpose of the Research
Each research must have purpose, it depends on the topic, which carries out, consist of:
1. The writer wants to describe and analyze whether games are suitable to improve the speaking ability at the second year of the students at SMK Brawijaya.
2. The writer wants to describe and analyze whether games can give students encourage to learn speaking.

1.4. Significance of the Study
The research is used for:
1. The writer: to fulfill the participle program of the studying at IKIP BUDI UTOMO MALANG, one of requirement of which is to write a script in order to get Strata one Degree in English studies.
2. The students: this research can be used to increase the student English achievement.
3. The teacher: this research can be used as an item to enrich the inventory of English library.

1.5. Limitation of the Study
To avoid misunderstanding to estimate what the writer has explained, the writer will give object, ones will arrange the thesis organize each problem more easily. The focuses more intensively on the problem that have been planned in this in this research. The writer will discuss: File Selengkapnya.....

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A Study In English Varieties Used By Vendors In Banyumulek

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Language is one of the instrument of the human intellectual means of communication of is used to formulate thought and convey message to other. It plays an important role in analyzing human activity, in reasoning, solving problem, and planning actions; language also used to convey memories of the past and beliefs about the future to at also language other to event that have not taken place, and to express the relation between event (Caplan, 2001:1). People also use language in inform others task or give information, to get things done, to request, to ask or give direction, to comment to report, and many other ordinary verbal actions in daily interaction. So it impossible for us to understand other well without a language of without having language people will cripple in their family or social interaction. There is a lot of definition about language given by many experts. But in writing the writer just take some definition given by Financiaro (1974:3) they are:
1. Language is the means by which result of human thought an action are based on
2. Language is a system of rules by which items are stored in the mind and manipulated so as to form infinite items sets of communications
3. Language is learn behavior
4. Language is cultural product subject to lows and principle that are particularly unique to it and partially reflective of general properties of the human mind
5. Language is a system or arbitrary vocal symbol which permits all people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture to communication or to interact
From the explanation above, it can concluded that language can express or covey ones emotional needs, thought, desires, and attitudes, control, and many other communicative, purposes. But only others through commutations as stated in wabsteris only can understand all of them. (Hawkins, m. Joyce oxford mini dictionary, 1191:287), the language is words and their use. System of this used by a national or group.
Communication is a process of mutual sharing or use of information collectively in connection with the received and the sender in an information process (Kincaid and scram, 1977: 6) dealing with the definition, communication as a process of delivering information have to be support by each component of communication (Sastro petro, 1972:22). States that there are their main component of communication namely.
1. Source is one who communicates or connect a massage to other
2. Receiver is one who receive a massage
3. Massage is a form of idea .opinion off exacta that is changed trough communication symbol and transmit or other receivers.
Moreover he elaborates that source or sender transmission is a massage to receiver and then the receiver turns into a source or sender and sends the massage again and so on. What does receiver called feed beck send. White feed back, the source or sender has a chance to evaluate whether the communication is successful or failed.
The success of failure of communication depends on how good on coveys his or her ideas to other. Successful communication occurs when speaker and listener reach a common understanding. For this happened, each participant must be able to applay his or her communicative skill effectively especially two fundamental communicative skill of listening and speaking if not communication break down will occur.
As stated previously, language is a medium of communication in fact; many other languages exist in the world. People speak different language in different palace. English spoken in America, England and Australian. While Japan spoken in japan, Spanish is Spanish, German in Germany, among these languages English spoken by great number of people in the world and to become an international language.
Considering the important role of English as an international language, mastering English, as median of c communication in international interaction is necessary because the number of people who speak English has growing rapidly. This condition creates English variety may be established because of their influence of local and culture condition. Local condition
According stated halide (in by Richard, 1974) is grammar belong to standard for the people where is spoken as a second language (richard, 194). It quite different from the countries where English learn to the local condition, but it follows an overseas English to which it referred to a model.
To be able to communacate with the native speaker, local; peope who speak english as a second or a first language have to a quire the standard s from the language any varieties may exist as long as the standard English is understandable. Because the most basic language varieties of social language is used in ordinary conversation. In the sense what we learn in order to interact with throughout our life (freeborn all, 1986). It is the general condition that dialect or variety from is characterized by structural and morphological implication. Generally, certain non standard varieties of English may be viewed as inter language pattern of social interaction (Richard, 1974:76)
Banyumulek village is one of the handicraft villages, where local people make the many things with the clay, secured clay is the most important material needed in Banyumulek village.
Many goods can be produced in Banyumulek village. Those goods are not for local need only, but also for tourism souvenir. That’s why nowadays Banyumulek village is becoming the most important destination of the tours in Lombok.
To be able to know the varieties of English is speech, we should identify the difference accurate and use Standard English as the form. The are some features of the language that device our English into standard of varieties, such as: a. our vocabulary; b. grammar, that is the form of word, taken and how the words are ordered into standard or statement in sentence, and c. pronunciation is speech (freeborn, 1986).
Based of the above features, Banyumulek village, the vendors seem to use some varieties of English in their speech with the tourist where they tend to speak a vendor non-standard apparently.
There is some factor which influence their varieties of English in their speech, such as: education background, situation in the communication take place, and the order.
We will not discuss all of the factors involved, because of the limitation of time, access, ability, and many others reason.

B. Statement Of The Problem
The aim of this research is to overview the general problem that is found in this research. The writer needs so set out the problem that considers appears in this research, such as: File Selengkapnya.....

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A Comparative Study Between English And Indonesia Adverbs

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND
Language is a means to give or exchange information; news, idea or opinions, through language people learn from one another the things they want to know. Imagine if human beings could not communicate with one another. If a person cannot communicate, he will not talk to other people, and no other people will talk to him anything. So it would be impossible for him to learn anything.
One of language is English. It is a compulsory subject in Indonesia that must be learned by the Indonesian students from the Junior high school up to University
English as a foreign language will arise some difficulties which are faced by Indonesian people / students because in learning a new language will arise some difficulties which are faced by Indonesian people/students because in learning a new language the students tend to transfer their native language habit to the new language.
According to the statement above, the writer tries to present a comparative study of the two languages, Indonesian and English Especially on the adverb to avoid mistransformation which is made by the Indonesian students.

B. THE PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
The general teaching-learning process of English in the classroom, the teacher rare relates the materials with the native language of the students, in this case, Indonesian language, as comparison. Whereas the teacher can relate the materials of English teaching with the Indonesian language. By seeing this fact, the writer tries to arise some problems, those are:
1. How many kinds of the English and Indonesian adverbs?
2. Are the kinds of the English and Indonesian adverbs the same or not?
3. What are the rules of the process of the English and Indonesian adverbs formation?
4. Are the rules of the process the same or not?
5. From what part of speech are they formed?
6. Is there similarity between English and Indonesian adverb formation?
7. In what aspect are they similar?
8. Is there difference between English and Indonesian adverb formation?
9. In what aspects are they different?
10. Where is the position of The English and Indonesian adverb in sentences?

C. HYPOTHESIS
1. There are many kinds of the English and Indonesian adverbs, For examples: adverbs of manner, place, time, (kata keterangan kualitatif, tempat, waktu).
2. In general kinds of the English and Indonesian adverbs are the same.
3. The rules of the process depend on the part of speech or their formations.
4. The rules of the process may be different.
5. They are formed from base and affixations.
6. There are similarities between English and Indonesian adverb formation.
7. They are similar in their process.
8. There are differences between the English and Indonesian adverb formation.
9. They are different in their process.
10. The position of the English and Indonesian adverbs are before subject, verb, or after verb.
D. THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Because of the limited time, energy, facilities, knowledge and opportunity, the writer wants to compare between English and Indonesian adverb in the kinds, formation, and their position in the sentences.

E. THE AIM OF THE STUDY
1. To know some kinds of the English and Indonesian adverbs.
2. To know the process of the English and Indonesian adverbs formation.
3. To know the rules of the process of the English and Indonesian adverb formation.
4. To know the position of the English and Indonesian adverb in sentences.

F. DEFINITION OF THE KEY TERM
To avoid misinterpretation and make this study clearly, the writer quotes some definition from the experts as follows: File Selengkapnya.....

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